morir to die
competir to compete
dormir to sleep
pedir to ask for, to order
preferir to prefer
repetir to repeat
servir to serve
creer to believe
leer to read
oír to hear
conocer to know, to meet
saber to know
Sunday, October 26, 2008
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Preterite
Stem-changing -ir verbs change vowels in the preterite too. However, the change only occurs in the usted and ustedes forms.
e to i
pedir
pedí..........pedimos
pediste
pidió.........pidieron.
o to u
dormir
dormí..........dormimos
dormiste
durmió........durmieron
Verbs such as leer (to read), creer (to believe), and oír (to hear) change the i to y in the usted and ustedes forms of the preterite.
Alma leyó el poema. Alma read the poem.
Mis hermanos no creyeron las noticias. My brothers didn't believe the news.
¿Leiste la crítica? Did you read the review?
e to i
pedir
pedí..........pedimos
pediste
pidió.........pidieron.
o to u
dormir
dormí..........dormimos
dormiste
durmió........durmieron
Verbs such as leer (to read), creer (to believe), and oír (to hear) change the i to y in the usted and ustedes forms of the preterite.
Alma leyó el poema. Alma read the poem.
Mis hermanos no creyeron las noticias. My brothers didn't believe the news.
¿Leiste la crítica? Did you read the review?
Demonstrative Adjectives
There are three kinds of demonstratives in Spanish:
- one that points out someone or something near the speaker
- one that points out someone or something farther away
- one that points out someone or something at a great distance away
The male forms of these adjectives are:
este and estos (this or these)
ese and esos (that or those)
aquel and aquellos (that or those over there)
The feminine forms of these adjectives are:
esta and estas (this or these)
esa and esas (that or those)
aquela and aquellas (that or those over there)
*Demonstrative adjectives agree in number and gender with the noun they modify. and they usually go before the noun.
For instance,
Aquella reportera es del canal dos. That reporter is from Channel 2.
Demonstratives can also be pronouns that take the place of nouns. They have the same number and gender as the noun they replace and have a written accent (when there is no ambiguity in the sentence, the accent may be omitted.)
á, é, í, ó, ú,
¿Samen quién es ese señor?...becomes...¿Ése? Sí, es el reportero.
Do you know who that man is?..........That one? Yes, he's the reporter.
- one that points out someone or something near the speaker
- one that points out someone or something farther away
- one that points out someone or something at a great distance away
The male forms of these adjectives are:
este and estos (this or these)
ese and esos (that or those)
aquel and aquellos (that or those over there)
The feminine forms of these adjectives are:
esta and estas (this or these)
esa and esas (that or those)
aquela and aquellas (that or those over there)
*Demonstrative adjectives agree in number and gender with the noun they modify. and they usually go before the noun.
For instance,
Aquella reportera es del canal dos. That reporter is from Channel 2.
Demonstratives can also be pronouns that take the place of nouns. They have the same number and gender as the noun they replace and have a written accent (when there is no ambiguity in the sentence, the accent may be omitted.)
á, é, í, ó, ú,
¿Samen quién es ese señor?...becomes...¿Ése? Sí, es el reportero.
Do you know who that man is?..........That one? Yes, he's the reporter.
Gramatical Notes
Note 1
Adjectives of nationality agree in gender and number with the noun they modify.
Juan es peruano. Juan is Peruvian.
María y Ana son peruanas. María and Ana are Peruvian.
Note 2
Saber and conocer both mean to know. Use saber with facts, information, and when telling how to do something. Use conocer to express familiarity or acquaintance with a person, place, thing, or a published work.
¿Saben quién es esa reportera? Do you know who that reporter is?
Yo l conozco. ¿Les gustaría conocerla? I know her. Would you like to meet her?
Adjectives of nationality agree in gender and number with the noun they modify.
Juan es peruano. Juan is Peruvian.
María y Ana son peruanas. María and Ana are Peruvian.
Note 2
Saber and conocer both mean to know. Use saber with facts, information, and when telling how to do something. Use conocer to express familiarity or acquaintance with a person, place, thing, or a published work.
¿Saben quién es esa reportera? Do you know who that reporter is?
Yo l conozco. ¿Les gustaría conocerla? I know her. Would you like to meet her?
Irregular Preterites - Part 3
Like the verb hacer, the following verbs have irregular stems in the preterite.
andar...anduv-
estar...estuv-
poder...pud-
poner...pus-
querer...quis-
saber...sup-
tener...tuv-
venir...vin-
The above preterites also have the following irregular preterite ending:
yo...-e
tú...-iste
usted...-o
nosotros...-imos
ustedes...ieron
*Note that there are no accents anywhere, don't make it over complicated.
Verbs that have irregular stems in the preterite that end in j hjave the same endings as the verbs above but drop the i from the ustedes ending.
decir...dijeron
traer...trajeron.
*Note that this doesn't affect the other endings. It's dije, not die.
Vocabulary break:
andar to walk
estar to be
poder to be able
poner to put
querer towant, to love
saver to know
tener to have
venir to come
decir to say, to tell
traer to bring
conducir to drive
producir to produce
traducir to translate
andar...anduv-
estar...estuv-
poder...pud-
poner...pus-
querer...quis-
saber...sup-
tener...tuv-
venir...vin-
The above preterites also have the following irregular preterite ending:
yo...-e
tú...-iste
usted...-o
nosotros...-imos
ustedes...ieron
*Note that there are no accents anywhere, don't make it over complicated.
Verbs that have irregular stems in the preterite that end in j hjave the same endings as the verbs above but drop the i from the ustedes ending.
decir...dijeron
traer...trajeron.
*Note that this doesn't affect the other endings. It's dije, not die.
Vocabulary break:
andar to walk
estar to be
poder to be able
poner to put
querer towant, to love
saver to know
tener to have
venir to come
decir to say, to tell
traer to bring
conducir to drive
producir to produce
traducir to translate
Tuesday, October 21, 2008
Etapa 2 beginning - Stem - Changing Verbs
Many verbs have a stem change in the boot, which you'll see below, going from e to ie, and o to ue in the present tense.
Recomendar - to recommend
recomiendo recomendamos
recomiendas
recomienda recomiendan
*Note that the highlighted verbs form the mild shape of a boot, thus the name boot verbs. It is only inside this boot that the verb stem changes, as in, not in the nosotros form.
**Recomendar is an e to ie verb.
Mostrar - to show
muestro mostramos
muestras
muestra muestran
*Mostrar is an o to ue verb
Other spanish verbss have stems that alternate between e and i, such as competir, to compete; pedir, to ask for; repetir, to repeat; and servir, to serve.
Servir - to serve
sirvo servimos
sirves
sirve sirven
The last type of stem changing verbs is u to ue.
Jugar - to play
juego jugamos
juegas
juega juegan
As always, question or comment at will.
Recomendar - to recommend
recomiendo recomendamos
recomiendas
recomienda recomiendan
*Note that the highlighted verbs form the mild shape of a boot, thus the name boot verbs. It is only inside this boot that the verb stem changes, as in, not in the nosotros form.
**Recomendar is an e to ie verb.
Mostrar - to show
muestro mostramos
muestras
muestra muestran
*Mostrar is an o to ue verb
Other spanish verbss have stems that alternate between e and i, such as competir, to compete; pedir, to ask for; repetir, to repeat; and servir, to serve.
Servir - to serve
sirvo servimos
sirves
sirve sirven
The last type of stem changing verbs is u to ue.
Jugar - to play
juego jugamos
juegas
juega juegan
As always, question or comment at will.
End of Etapa 1 - Verb Vocabulary review
It's the end of chapter one, and thus, I'm going to post a review of all the verbs I've used so far.
comer: to eat
hablar: to speak
vivir: to live
comenzar (e to ie): to start
explicar: to explain
almorzar (o to ue): to eat lunch
buscar: to look for
empezar (e to ie): to begin
jugar (u to ue): to play
llegar: to arrive
pagar: to pay
practicar: to practice
sacar: to take
tocar: to touch, to play (a musical instrument)
dar: to give
hacer: to make, to do
ir: to go
ser: to be
ver: to see
As always, don't forget to correct or ask questions, and I'll keep driving on through chapter 2!
comer: to eat
hablar: to speak
vivir: to live
comenzar (e to ie): to start
explicar: to explain
almorzar (o to ue): to eat lunch
buscar: to look for
empezar (e to ie): to begin
jugar (u to ue): to play
llegar: to arrive
pagar: to pay
practicar: to practice
sacar: to take
tocar: to touch, to play (a musical instrument)
dar: to give
hacer: to make, to do
ir: to go
ser: to be
ver: to see
As always, don't forget to correct or ask questions, and I'll keep driving on through chapter 2!
Irregular Preterites - Part 2
The verbs ir, ser, and hacer, which are all frequently used, are irregular in the preterite.
*Note that ir and ser have the same forms of irregular verbs, you have to use your context to determine which verb it is
ir ser hacer
yo fui fui hice
tú fuiste fuiste hiciste
usted fue fue hizo
*Note that hacer has a unique usted preterite, with the z. This is something you have to memorize
nosotros fuimos fuimos hicimos
ustedes fueron fueron hicieron
The verbs dar and ver take a regular -er/-ir past tense endings, but have no written accent marks
dar/ver
yo di/vi
tú diste/viste
usted dio/vio
nosotros dimos/vimos
ustedes dieron/vieron
*Note that all of these preterites have no accents, don't make it overly complicated
As a reminder, don't be afraid to correct me or ask a question, just leave a comment and I'll respond within 24 hours.
*Note that ir and ser have the same forms of irregular verbs, you have to use your context to determine which verb it is
ir ser hacer
yo fui fui hice
tú fuiste fuiste hiciste
usted fue fue hizo
*Note that hacer has a unique usted preterite, with the z. This is something you have to memorize
nosotros fuimos fuimos hicimos
ustedes fueron fueron hicieron
The verbs dar and ver take a regular -er/-ir past tense endings, but have no written accent marks
dar/ver
yo di/vi
tú diste/viste
usted dio/vio
nosotros dimos/vimos
ustedes dieron/vieron
*Note that all of these preterites have no accents, don't make it overly complicated
As a reminder, don't be afraid to correct me or ask a question, just leave a comment and I'll respond within 24 hours.
Irregular Preterites - Part 1
Hello all, as you can see, I've been gone for a while... no comment.
In the preterite, verbs that end in -car, -gar, an -zar are spelled differently in the "yo" form. The spelling changes are done to keep the pronunciation the same.
For instance: Sacar
Tú Yo
Sacaste *note that it keeps the c Saqué *note how it changes, keeping the pronunciation
¿Sacaste fotos del aeropuerto? Sí, saqué fotos del aero puerto
Did you take photos of the airport? Yes, I took photos of the airport.
Jugar - to play
Jugaste Jugué
*again, it changes in the yo, keeping the pronunciation the same, from g to gu
¿Con quién jugaste al fútbol? Jugué con mi primo.
With whom did you play soccer? I played with my cousin.
Almorzar - to eat lunch
almorzaste Almorcé
¿Dónde almorzaste ayer? Almorcé con mi familia en Griffith Park.
Where did you eat lunch yesterday? I ate lunch with my family in Griffith Park.
*and, again, it changes to keep the pronunciation, from z to c
Vocabulary Break
Verbs with -car, -gar, -zar spelling changes
c to qu explicar - to explain
expliqué
z to c comenzar - to start
comencé
Ya sabes
c to qu
buscar - to look for
practicar - to practice
tocar - ti tiycg, to play (a musical instrument)
g to gu
llegar - to arrive
pagar - to pay
z to c
empezar (e to ie) - to begin
In the preterite, verbs that end in -car, -gar, an -zar are spelled differently in the "yo" form. The spelling changes are done to keep the pronunciation the same.
For instance: Sacar
Tú Yo
Sacaste *note that it keeps the c Saqué *note how it changes, keeping the pronunciation
¿Sacaste fotos del aeropuerto? Sí, saqué fotos del aero puerto
Did you take photos of the airport? Yes, I took photos of the airport.
The change takes place, going from c to qu
Jugar - to play
Jugaste Jugué
*again, it changes in the yo, keeping the pronunciation the same, from g to gu
¿Con quién jugaste al fútbol? Jugué con mi primo.
With whom did you play soccer? I played with my cousin.
Almorzar - to eat lunch
almorzaste Almorcé
¿Dónde almorzaste ayer? Almorcé con mi familia en Griffith Park.
Where did you eat lunch yesterday? I ate lunch with my family in Griffith Park.
*and, again, it changes to keep the pronunciation, from z to c
Vocabulary Break
Verbs with -car, -gar, -zar spelling changes
c to qu explicar - to explain
expliqué
z to c comenzar - to start
comencé
Ya sabes
c to qu
buscar - to look for
practicar - to practice
tocar - ti tiycg, to play (a musical instrument)
g to gu
llegar - to arrive
pagar - to pay
z to c
empezar (e to ie) - to begin
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