Monday, December 15, 2008

Talking about the Past Using the Imperfect

The preterite tense speaks about a completed action in the past. Now you'll find out about another past tense, called the imperfect.
You can use the imperfect in the following ways:
  • to speak about background events in a story
  • to talk about something you used to do as a matter of habit
  • to speak about how old someone was
  • to say what time is was
The following chart shows you how to form the imperfect of regular verbs:
-ar -er -ir
cantar tener salir
Yo: cantaba tenía salía
Tú: cantabas tenías salías
Usted: cantaba tenía salía
Nosotros: cantábamos teníamos salíamos
Ustedes: cantaban tenían salían

The following example uses imperfect because it describes continuing actions in the past.

Don Miguel tragajaba en el banco todos los días.
Don Miguel worked in the bank every day.

The only verbs that don't follow the pattern are:

ser ir ver
Yo: era iba veía
Tú: eras ibas veías
Usted: era iba veía
Nosotros: éramos íbamos veíamos
Usteded: eran iban veían


Vocabulary note:
You can use dentro de (inside) and fuera de (outside) just as you do in English.
Yo estoy dentro de mi cuarto. I am inside my room.

Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs

You canuse direct object pronouns (me, te, lo, la, nos, los, las) with verbs. For example, if a girl is hiding a doll behind a tree, she would say:

La escondo.
I'm hiding it. *Note that the subject yo and the direct object la are different, because yo is universal, and la refers to the doll, or muñeca.

Reflexive verbs take a special pronoun called a reflexive pronoun. While the usual direct object is different from the subject, a reflexive pronoun is the same person, place, or thing as the subject.
Me escondo.
I'm hiding (myself). *Note that the subject (yo) and the direct object (me) are the same person; you call this object reflexive.

Reflexive pronouns
Yo: me escondo
Tú: te escondes
Usted: se esconde
Nosotros: nos escondemos
Ustedes: es esconden

A verb reflexively tells you that only the subject of the verb is involved in the action. When using a reflexive verb in the infinitive form, attach the pronoun to the infinitive.
Vamos a pelearnos por el cuaderno.
We are going to fight over the notebook.

Vocabulary Break!
Reflexive Verbs:
aburrirse: to get bored
asustarse de: to be scared of
caerse: to fall down
cansarse: to get tired
darse cuenta de: to realize
despedirse (e-i, i) de: to say goodbye to
disculparse: to apologize
divertirse (e-ie, i): to enjoy oneself
enojarse con: to get angry with
portarse bien/mal: to behave well/badly
preocuparse por: to be worried about
reunirse: to get together
sentirse (e-ie,i): to feel

Possessive adjectives and Pronouns

Possessive adjectives show personal relationships or possession. All possessive adjectives - including mi(s), tu(s), su(s), and nuestro(a/os/as) - agree in gender and number with the nouns the describe. Let me say that again: agree in gender and number with the nouns the describe.
Possessive adjectives also have a long form. It is more expressive. You use it, for example, when talking of a special friend. The charts are:
Yo: mío(a/os/as)
Tú: tuyo(a/os/as)
Usted/Ustedes: suyo(a/os/as)
Nosotros: Nuestro(a/os/as)

*Note: in a sentence, these always come after the noun they describe. For example: Comemos con unos amigos nuestros.
We are eating with some friends of ours.


Possessive pronousns also show personal relationships. To form a possessive pronoun;
1. Use the long form of the possessive adjective.
2. Add el, la, los, las according to the gender and number of the noun it replaces.

-Sus viajes son a diferentes lugares.
His trips are to different places.

-Y los tuyos, ¿adónde son?

And yours, where are they to?

Vocabulary Break!
Familia, amigos, amigas:
la amistad: friendship, acquaintance
el (la) compa
ñero: classmate, companion
el (la) cuñado(a): brother-in-law, sister-in-law
los (las) gemelos(as): twins
el (la) hermanastro(a): stepbrother, stepsister
la madrastra: stepmother
el (la) novio(a): boyfriend, girlfriend; groom, bride
el padrastro: stepfather
el (la) sobrino(a): nephew, niece

Welcome Back!

That's right everyone, I'm back! My finals are very soon, so as you may expect, I'm more than a little panicked, because my 4.0 pretty much hinges on my grade for Spanish. And I'm a decent test taker, except in Spanish (yeah, I don't know). So anyway, the following few posts are all on Unidad 2 Etapa 1, again, out of my textbook McDougal Littel En español dos, which, for those of you who are wondering, I do not own or associate with.

PS, you all may call me "Dino."

Sunday, October 26, 2008

Vocabulary Review

morir to die
competir to compete
dormir to sleep
pedir to ask for, to order
preferir to prefer
repetir to repeat
servir to serve
creer to believe
leer to read
oír to hear
conocer to know, to meet
saber to know

Stem-Changing Verbs in the Preterite

Stem-changing -ir verbs change vowels in the preterite too. However, the change only occurs in the usted and ustedes forms.

e to i
pedir
pedí..........pedimos
pediste
pidió.........pidieron.

o to u
dormir
dormí..........dormimos
dormiste
durmió........durmieron

Verbs such as leer (to read), creer (to believe), and oír (to hear) change the i to y in the usted and ustedes forms of the preterite.

Alma leyó el poema. Alma read the poem.
Mis hermanos no creyeron las noticias. My brothers didn't believe the news.
¿Leiste la crítica? Did you read the review?

Demonstrative Adjectives

There are three kinds of demonstratives in Spanish:
- one that points out someone or something near the speaker
- one that points out someone or something farther away
- one that points out someone or something at a great distance away


The male forms of these adjectives are:
este and estos (this or these)

ese and esos (that or those)

aquel and aquellos (that or those over there)

The feminine forms of these adjectives are:
esta and estas (this or these)

esa and esas (that or those)

aquela and aquellas (that or those over there)

*Demonstrative adjectives agree in number and gender with the noun they modify. and they usually go before the noun.

For instance,
Aquella reportera es del canal dos. That reporter is from Channel 2.

Demonstratives can also be pronouns that take the place of nouns. They have the same number and gender as the noun they replace and have a written accent (when there is no ambiguity in the sentence, the accent may be omitted.)

á, é, í, ó, ú,
¿Samen quién es ese señor?...becomes...¿Ése? Sí, es el reportero.
Do you know who that man is?..........That one? Yes, he's the reporter.

Gramatical Notes

Note 1
Adjectives of nationality agree in gender and number with the noun they modify.
Juan es peruano. Juan is Peruvian.

María y Ana son peruanas. María and Ana are Peruvian.

Note 2
Saber and conocer both mean to know. Use saber with facts, information, and when telling how to do something. Use conocer to express familiarity or acquaintance with a person, place, thing, or a published work.
¿Saben quién es esa reportera? Do you know who that reporter is?
Yo l conozco. ¿Les gustaría conocerla? I know her. Would you like to meet her?

Irregular Preterites - Part 3

Like the verb hacer, the following verbs have irregular stems in the preterite.
andar...anduv-
estar...estuv-
poder...pud-
poner...pus-
querer...quis-
saber...sup-
tener...tuv-
venir...vin-

The above preterites also have the following irregular preterite ending:
yo...-e
tú...-iste
usted...-o
nosotros...-imos
ustedes...ieron

*Note that there are no accents anywhere, don't make it over complicated.

Verbs that have irregular stems in the preterite that end in j hjave the same endings as the verbs above but drop the i from the ustedes ending.

decir...dijeron
traer...trajeron.

*Note that this doesn't affect the other endings. It's dije, not die.

Vocabulary break:
andar to walk
estar to be
poder to be able
poner to put
querer towant, to love
saver to know
tener to have
venir to come
decir to say, to tell
traer to bring
conducir to drive
producir to produce
traducir to translate

Tuesday, October 21, 2008

Etapa 2 beginning - Stem - Changing Verbs

Many verbs have a stem change in the boot, which you'll see below, going from e to ie, and o to ue in the present tense.
Recomendar - to recommend
recomiendo recomendamos
recomiendas
recomienda recomiendan
*Note that the highlighted verbs form the mild shape of a boot, thus the name boot verbs. It is only inside this boot that the verb stem changes, as in, not in the nosotros form.
**Recomendar is an e to ie verb.

Mostrar - to show
muestro mostramos
muestras
muestra muestran
*Mostrar is an o to ue verb

Other spanish verbss have stems that alternate between e and i, such as competir, to compete; pedir, to ask for; repetir, to repeat; and servir, to serve.

Servir - to serve
sirvo servimos
sirves
sirve sirven

The last type of stem changing verbs is u to ue.
Jugar - to play
juego jugamos
juegas
juega juegan

As always, question or comment at will.

End of Etapa 1 - Verb Vocabulary review

It's the end of chapter one, and thus, I'm going to post a review of all the verbs I've used so far.

comer: to eat
hablar: to speak
vivir: to live
comenzar (e to ie): to start
explicar: to explain
almorzar (o to ue): to eat lunch
buscar: to look for
empezar (e to ie): to begin
jugar (u to ue): to play
llegar: to arrive
pagar: to pay
practicar: to practice
sacar: to take
tocar: to touch, to play (a musical instrument)
dar: to give
hacer: to make, to do
ir: to go
ser: to be
ver: to see

As always, don't forget to correct or ask questions, and I'll keep driving on through chapter 2!

Irregular Preterites - Part 2

The verbs ir, ser, and hacer, which are all frequently used, are irregular in the preterite.
*Note that ir and ser have the same forms of irregular verbs, you have to use your context to determine which verb it is

ir ser hacer
yo fui fui hice
fuiste fuiste hiciste
usted fue fue hizo
*Note that hacer has a unique usted preterite, with the z. This is something you have to memorize
nosotros fuimos fuimos hicimos
ustedes fueron fueron hicieron

The verbs dar and ver take a regular -er/-ir past tense endings, but have no written accent marks

dar/ver
yo di/vi
tú diste/viste
usted dio/vio
nosotros dimos/vimos
ustedes dieron/vieron

*Note that all of these preterites have no accents, don't make it overly complicated

As a reminder, don't be afraid to correct me or ask a question, just leave a comment and I'll respond within 24 hours.

Irregular Preterites - Part 1

Hello all, as you can see, I've been gone for a while... no comment.

In the preterite, verbs that end in -car, -gar, an -zar are spelled differently in the "yo" form. The spelling changes are done to keep the pronunciation the same.
For instance: Sacar
Tú Yo
Sacaste *note that it keeps the c Saqué *note how it changes, keeping the pronunciation
¿Sacaste fotos del aeropuerto? Sí, saqué fotos del aero puerto
Did you take photos of the airport? Yes, I took photos of the airport.
The change takes place, going from c to qu

Jugar - to play
Jugaste Jugué
*again, it changes in the yo, keeping the pronunciation the same, from g to gu
¿Con quién jugaste al fútbol? Jugué con mi primo.
With whom did you play soccer? I played with my cousin.

Almorzar - to eat lunch
almorzaste Almorcé
¿Dónde almorzaste ayer? Almorcé con mi familia en Griffith Park.
Where did you eat lunch yesterday? I ate lunch with my family in Griffith Park.
*and, again, it changes to keep the pronunciation, from z to c

Vocabulary Break
Verbs with -car, -gar, -zar spelling changes

c to qu explicar - to explain
expliqué

z to c comenzar - to start
comencé

Ya sabes
c to qu
buscar - to look for
practicar - to practice
tocar - ti tiycg, to play (a musical instrument)
g to gu
llegar - to arrive
pagar - to pay
z to c
empezar (e to ie) - to begin

Sunday, September 21, 2008

Preterite Verbs, Regular

The preterite tense talks about the past, what you did or what happened. It has a definite end though, and has been completed. They are modified by tense endings, with -ar verbs having their method, and -er/-ir verves having theirs.
I am not including a vosotros form here, due to the fact that my teacher doesn't use it.
For -ar Verbs
Hablar
Yo                  ---                                             Hablé
Tú                  ---                                             Hablaste
Usted/él/ella         ---                                   Habló
Nosotros       ---                                             Hablamos
*Note that Nosotros is the only form that doesn't change from a non-preterite verb!*
Ustedes/ellos/ellas        ---                          Hablaron

For -er/-ir
Comer/Vivir
Yo               ---                                             Comí/Viví
Tú              ---                                              Comiste/Viviste
Usted/él/ella                 ---                         Com/Viv
Nosotros    ---                                              Comimos/Vivimos
*Note that Nosotros is the only form that doesn't change from a non-preterite verb!*
Ustedes/ellos/ellas         ---                       Comieron/Vivieron

For the nosotros forms of the above words, you must use context to determine whether they are present or preterite tense.

---Vocabulary Break---
Acamper en las Montañas                                To camp in the mountains
Bajar un río en canoa                                         To go down a river in a canoe
Cantar en el coro                                                 To sing in the chorus
Disfrutar con los amigos                                    To enjoy time with friends
Estudiar las artes marciales                            To study marcial arts
jugar al ajedrez                                                       To play chess
(*Jugar is STEM CHANGING u to ue*)
Tomar un curso de natación                            To take a swimming class

The General Idea

Incase someone actually stumbles across this in the search of Spanish knowledge and has totally blown by things like Rosetta Stone, this is a school project initiated by my Spanish II teacher for me to keep track of the grammer concepts listed in the first three chapters of my Spanish II book. The book is En Español 2 by McDougal Littell. I'm not going to put my name on here, but know that I'm almost literally copying out of the book, except I'm paraphrasing "into my own words."

Also, in the spirit of a better grade, if anyone notices any grammer mistakes I make, please point them out to me. I will give a reward of some kind if you do (nothing big, no personal info or money, but a favor of some sort).